Introduction to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic disorder affecting the large intestine. It is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. IBS can significantly impact quality of life but does not cause permanent damage to the intestines.

Symptoms of IBS

• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Bloating and gas
• Diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between both
• Mucus in the stool
• Urgency to have a bowel movement

Types of IBS

1. IBS with Constipation (IBS-C): Predominantly hard or lumpy stools.
2. IBS with Diarrhea (IBS-D): Predominantly loose or watery stools.
3. IBS with Mixed Bowel Habits (IBS-M): Alternating between constipation and diarrhoea.

Causes and Triggers of IBS The exact cause of IBS is unknown, but several factors may contribute, including:

• Muscle Contractions in the Intestine: Stronger or weaker than normal contractions can cause symptoms.
• Nervous System: Abnormalities in the nerves in the digestive system may lead to pain and altered bowel habits.
• Inflammation: Some people with IBS have increased numbers of immune-system cells in their intestines.
• Severe Infection: IBS can develop after a severe bout of diarrhoea caused by bacteria or a virus.
• Changes in Gut Microbiota: Microorganisms in the intestines may differ in people with IBS.

Diagnosis and Treatment

1. Diagnosis: IBS is typically diagnosed based on symptoms and by ruling out other conditions. Tests may include stool studies, blood tests, and colonoscopy.

2. Treatment Options:

   • Dietary Changes: High-fiber diets, low FODMAP diets, and avoiding trigger foods.
   • Medications: Fiber supplements, laxatives, anti-diarrheal medications, antispasmodics, and antidepressants.
   • Lifestyle Modifications: Regular exercise, stress management, and adequate hydration.

Managing IBS

• Dietary Management: Keeping a food diary to identify and avoid trigger foods. Increasing fibre intake can help with constipation.
• Stress Reduction: Techniques such as yoga, meditation, and counselling can help manage stress, which often exacerbates IBS symptoms.
• Regular Exercise: Physical activity can help regulate bowel movements and reduce stress.